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You are here: Home / Fluoride Crystal / Cr:LiCAF

LiCaA1F6:Cr3(Cr:LiCAF) is a new addition to a series of new tunable near-infrared laser materials. Cr:LiSAF possess suitable properties for the generation of high-energy tunable radiation in the near infrared. It exhibits small thermal lensing, a high damage threshold and a sufficiently long upper-state lifetime to ensure efficient energy storage. Furthermore, laser rods of diameters up to 25 mm can now be fabricated, which is an important consideration for the design of high-energy lasers and amplifiers. The relatively long upper-state lifetime Cr:LiCAF 170μs, makes it possible to efficiently pump these materials with flashlamps. The new chromium laser host, LiCAF, is reported to possess favorable spectroscopic and laser properties. Laser-quality LiCAF crystals appear to be moderately straightforward to produce: zone-melting, Bridgman, and Czochralski crystals have been lased. Significant scattering in these crystals, a persistent problem in early growth attempts, now appears to be under control. Recently used Bridgman crystals have scattering losses of ~0.1% cm−1, an acceptable level for most applications. The natural abundance of the constituent elements, coupled with the relatively low melting temperature (804°C) and congruent melting, forms a compelling case for the possibility of large-scale, inexpensive growth of laser-quality crystals. The laser emission of Cr:LiCAF has been tuned to between approximately 720 and 840nm and peaks at ~780nm. The radiative lifetime is ~175 μs at room temperature, and there is no evidence of concentration quenching for samples containing as many as 9 × 1020 Cr3+ ions/cm3. The intrinsic slope efficiency of LiCAF (67%) is close to that of alexandrite(65%). Recent flash-lamp-pumped Cr:LiCAF experiments demonstrated slope efficiencies of 1.6%, although passive losses in the laser rod of 3.5% cm−1 significantly affected the laser performance.

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Parameter

Material and Specifications
Orientation<2 deg (rod axis to crystal a-axis)
Parallelism<10〞
Perpendicularity3ˊ
Chamfer0.1mm@45°
Surface Quality10-5 S-D
Wavefront Distortionλ/8 @632.8 nm
Surface Flatnessλ/10 @632.8 nm
Clear Aperture>95%
Diameter Tolerance+0/-0.2mm
Length Tolerance±0.1mm
CoatingsR<1%@670nm+R<0.5%@700~1100nm on both faces
Laser Induced Damage Threshold>15J/cm2@TEM00, 10ns, 10Hz
Physical and Chemical Properties
Crystal StructureTrigonal
Space GroupP31C
Lattice Constantsa=5.0116, c=9.9673 Å@2%Cr doping
Density (g/cm3)2.988
Melting Point766°C
Fracture Strength, σf(MPa)3.85±8(∥c)
Fracture Toughness, KIC(MPa∙m1/2)0.39(∥a), 0.33(∥c)
Vickers Microhardness, HV(GPa)1.9±0.2(∥c)
Specific Heat(J/gK@298K)0.935
Thermal Conductivity(W·m-1·K-1)1.0(∥a), 1.68(∥c)
Thermal Expansion(10-6K-1)22.2(∥a), -9.8(∥c)
Young’s Modulus(GPa)120(∥a), 85(∥c)
Typical Doping Level0.8~1.5@.%
Optical Characteristics
Absorption Peak Wavelength(nm) 640
Absorption Cross-section at Peak(10-20cm2) 3.0
Absorption Bandwidth at Peak Wavelength~100nm
dn/dT (10-6K-1)-4.2(no), -4.6(ne)
Refractive Indexn=1.41
Laser Wavelength(nm)780
Energy-storage Lifetime(μs)170
Emission Cross-Section(10-20cm2)1.23@1.08mole%
Oscillator Strength(10-6)48(4A2-4T2), 39(4A2-4T1a), π
28(4A2-4T2), 51(4A2-4T1a), σ
Nonlinear Refractive Index(m2/W)4.5±0.7@5% doping, 1064nm
Damage Threshold(J/cm2)25@3%doping of Cr
Spectrum

Feature
Application
Literature
Feature
  • High gain cross-sections
  • Very large gain bandwidths
  • Relatively long fluorescence lifetimes,(~100μs)
  • Offer a long energy-storage lifetime, which simplifies pumping requirements andmakes the materials suitable for Q-switching and amplifier configurations
  • Have a large gain bandwidth, allowing amplification of ultrashort (femtosecond) pulses
  • Have a large emission cross section for efficient extraction of stored energy
  • Are tunable from 730 to 1000 nm (red to infrared), and the frequency may be doubled to 365 to 500 nm (blue to green)
  • Possess favorable thermomechanical properties, allowing for ease of thermal management and material fabrication
  • Are subject to very low thermal lensing, leading to good beam quality at high power levels
  • Have very low nonlinear indices (n2=4 x 10-3electrostatic charge units, or esu) and very high damage thresholds (>55 J/cm2 at 10 ns), enabling transmission of undistorted high-intensity pulses through the material
  • Have a uniform distribution of the chromium ions, permitting very uniform and high chromium-doping levels throughout the laser medium
  • Have excellent optical quality, resulting in low loss and high output power
  • Require modest crystal growth conditions (melting point < 800°C)
  • Are grown from inexpensive, nontoxic starting materials
Application
  • Amenable to flashlamppumping
  • Providing tunable high power laser radiation in the near IR
  • Ultrashort pulse generation and amplification
  • Large aperture laser rods
  • Laser rangefinders and illuminators, undersea optical communications, spectroscopy, and pumping other lasers
  • Amplifications of stretched femtosecond pulses
Literature
Absorption, emission and absorption saturation of Cr 4+ ions in calcium aluminate glass
Compact self-Q-switched laser near 2 μm
Studies of the spectroscopic behavior of Cr ?3 :LiCAF pumped by a solid-state dye laser
Self-Q-switching and passively Q-switched mode-locking of dual-wavelength Nd:YSAG laser
Optical waveguides fabricated in Cr:LiSAF by femtosecond laser micromachining
LiCaAlF 6 and LiSrAlF 6 : tunable solid state laser host materials
Modeling and optimization of tapered-diode pumped Cr:LiCAF regenerative amplifiers
New laser crystals for the generation of ultrashort pulses
Intra-cavity frequency-doubled Cr:LiCAF laser with 265 Mw continuous-wave blue (395–405 nm) output
High-power red laser diodes grown by MOVPE

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