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You are here: Home / Fluoride Crystal / Nd:YLF

Neodymium-doped Lithium Yttrium Fluorides (Nd:LiYF4 or Nd:YLF) is a crystal which lasers at 1047 nm and 1053 nm wavelength. Its main advantages are: large fluorescence line width, low thermal lensing, low threshold for CW applications and naturally polarized oscillation, which makes Nd:YLF an excellent material for CW, mode locked operation. The term YLF laser is usually used for lasers based on neodymium-doped YLF (Nd3+:YLF) crystals, although there are other rare-earth-doped YLF crystals, e.g. with ytterbium, erbium, thulium, holmium or praseodymium doping. YLF is the acronym for yttrium lithium fluoride (YLiF4). Due to the similar size, yttrium ions can be replaced with laser-active rare earth ions without strongly affecting the lattice structure. YLF is birefringent, which eliminates thermally induced depolarization loss. Also, the gain and the emission wavelength of Nd:YLF are polarization-dependent: there is the stronger 1047-nm line for π polarization, and a weaker one at 1053 nm for σ polarization. The 1053-nm line fits well to the gain peak of Nd:glass, which makes Nd:YLF seed lasers and preamplifiers suitable for Nd:glass amplifier chains. There are additional transitions at 1321 nm (π) and 1313 nm (σ), which allow for, e.g., red light generation via frequency doubling. The negative thermo-optic coefficient dn / dT leads to a defocusing thermal lens, which may be approximately compensated by the focusing lens from bulging of the end faces, if a suitable design is chosen. Nd:YLF lasers can be diode-pumped or lamp-pumped. Compared with Nd:YAG (→ YAG lasers), Nd:YLF has a lower thermal conductivity, but nevertheless exhibits weaker thermal distortions (due to the weakly negative dn / dT), thus allows a better beam quality, has significantly anisotropic thermal expansion and a lower fracture resistance (limiting the output power), and a longer upper-state lifetime (which is favorable for, e.g., diode-pumped Q-switched lasers with high pulse energy). Another remarkable feature is the high UV transparency, which is favorable for pumping with xenon flashlamps.

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Parameter

Material and Specifications
Parallelism<10〞
Perpendicularity<5ˊ
Surface Qualitybetter than 10/5 Scratch/Dig per MIL-O-13830A
Wavefront Distortion<λ/4 per inch@632.8 nm
Surface Flatness<λ/10 @632.8 nm
Clear ApertureCentral 90%
Diameter Tolerance+0.0/-0.1 mm
Length Tolerance+/-0.5mm
Chamfer0.15mm@45°
Physical and Chemical Properties
Structure SymmetryTetragonal, I41/a
Lattice Constantsa=5.16, c=10.85 Å
Specific mass3.99g/cm3
Melting Point819°C
Thermal Conductivity /(W·m-1·K-1)6.3
Specific Heat(J·g-1·K-1)0.79
Thermal Expansion /(10-6·K-1 )8.3(⊥c), 13.3(||c)
Hardness (kg/mm2@Mohs)4~5
Young`s Modulus /(108g/cm2)7.65
Optical characteristics
Dopant Concentration(%)0.5-1.5
Transmission Range0.18 … 6.7 µm  
Refractive Index (@1053nm)No=1.448, ne=1.470
Loss Coefficient/cm <0.003@1064nm 
Thermo-optic Coefficient(10-6·K-1@ )-2.0(E⊥c), -4.3 (E||c)
Scatter Loses(%/cm)<0.2
Fluorescent Lifetime(µs)485@1%Nd doping
Peak Emission Cross Section(10-19/cm2)1.2(E⊥c)@1053nm, 1.8(E||c)@1047nm
Lasing Wavelength(nm)1053(E⊥c, σ-pol), 1047(E||c, π-pol)
Peak Absorption Wavelength@1.2%Nd (cm-1)10.8(792.0nm, E||c), 3.59(797.0nm, E⊥c)
Index of Refraction
λ(nm)none
2621.4641.442
3501.471.448
5251.4791.456
105014911.473
20651.5111.485
Absorption and Emission Spectrum

Feature
Application
Literature
Feature
  • High UV transparency
  • Additional transitions at 1321 nm (π) and 1313 nm (σ), which allow for, e.g., red light generation via frequency doubling
  • Birefringent, which eliminates thermally induced depolarization loss
  • The gain and the emission wavelength are polarization-dependent
  • The 1053-nm line fits well to the gain peak of Nd:glass
  • Negative thermo-optic coefficient dn/dT leads to a defocusing thermal lens
  • Low thermal conductivity, but nevertheless exhibits weaker thermal distortions
  • Significantly anisotropic thermal expansion and a lower fracture resistance and a longer upper-state lifetime
Application
  • YLF lasers
  • Nd:YLF seed lasers and preamplifiers
  • Lens
  • Diode-pumped or lamp-pumped
  • Diode-pumped Q-switched lasers
  • Pump with xenon flashlamps
Literature
All-solid-state ultraviolet 330 nm laser from frequency-doubling of Nd:YLF red laser in CsB 3 O 5
Thermal stress effects of the diode-end-pumped Nd:YLF slab
Picosecond Neodymium:Yttrium Lithium Fluoride (Nd:YLF) Laser Peripheral Iridotomy
Optical damage of multi-layer mirrors for UV-FEL resonator induced with intense pico-second pulse FELs and Nd:YLF lasers
High-order Stokes generation in a KTP Raman laser pumped by a passively Q-switched ND:YLF laser
High energy 523 nm ND:YLF pulsed slab laser with novel pump beam waveguide design
High-energy high-efficiency Nd:YLF laser end-pump by 808 nm diode
High-power diode-bar-pumped intracavity-frequency-doubled Nd:YLF ring laser
Performance of Nd:YLF laser by using La 3 Ga 5 SiO 14 crystal electrooptic Q-switch
Electro-optically Q-switched dual-wavelength Nd:YLF laser emitting at 1047 nm and 1053 nm

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